Umm al-Ahzan (Mother of Sorrows) is a roofless nineteenth-century Chaldean Catholic cathedral located on the eastern flank of Kirkuk Citadel. Consecrated in 1862 under Patriarch Joseph VI Audo to serve the citadel's Christian community, the structure suffered roof collapses in the mid-twentieth century due to heavy brick vaulting on slender limestone columns. Today, its exposed stone arches, carved lintels, and nave walls offer visitors a clear look at nineteenth-century ecclesiastical architecture in northern Iraq. For more: Kirkuk Citadel